竞争
    Competitors 竞争对手
Player 竞争参与者（对手）
Foreclose from 。。排斥在外
To preserve legitimate competition among all common carriers
保持公共承运人之间的合法竞争

    Shipping-related Terms 航运有关术语
    A. 承运人
Shipping Lines 航运公司
Common carriers 公共承运人
OCC Ocean Common Carrier 远洋公共承运人
VOCC Vessel-Operating Common Carrier 船舶承运人
Vessel Sharing Carriers 共用舱位承运人
NVOCC 无船承运人
Master NVOCC 主装无船承运人
Tendering NVOCC 交运货物的无船承运人
Contract NVOCC 签约无船承运人
MTO Multi-modal Transport Operator 多式联运经营人
An MTO deals with all matters in relation to the conveyance of cargo
entrusted to him from the point of shipment to the place of delivery,
documentation and arrangements with sub-contractors at various
breaking points to facilitate expeditious movement of cargo. In most
cases it is necessary for him to appoint agents or correspondents at
various points or even maintain subsidiary concerns at important
transshipping points to attend to all the work necessary in connection
with the movement of cargo. He assumes responsibility for the
performance of the contract.
MTO Marine Terminal Operator 海运码头经营者
Vessel Operation MTO 经营多式联运的船舶承运人
NVO-MTO may be a road operator/rail operator/
airline operator/freight forwarder 不营运船舶的多式联运经营人
Controlled Carrier 受控承运人
Rates must be “just and reasonable” - compensatory.
运价必须是”公正的和合理的“－具有补偿性的
30 days notice required to increase or reduce tariff rates.
运价的上涨和下调登记30天后生效
Conference Carrier 公会承运人
Independent carriers 独立承运人
9th largest carrier serving the US 美线第9大承运人
Consortium ( Group of carriers pooling resources in a trade lane
to maximize their resources effectively ) 联盟
Alliance 联盟

   CONTAINER EXPORT PROCEDURE 出口集装箱简易出运程序
    As EDI such as Cargo 2000, is more popular nowadays and used by both the VOCC
and Customs, hardcopy Shipping Order is no longer widely used.
由于电子数据交换（如CARGO 2000）等在船公司和海关之间已相当普遍，书面的
托单已不如先前那样广为使用。

Ａ。 To ascertain service and freight rate that are most appropriate from Carrier before
booking is made;
先向承运人（船公司）确认最为合适的服务与海运价，尔后再订舱。
Ｂ。 Upon booking, Carrier is to reserve space and deliver to shipper a shipping order
informing shipper of the number of the container, which is to be fetched by
shipper at carrier’s container depot for their own packing;
订舱一经确认，承运人应保留舱位并向托运人签发托运单，告知有关集装箱箱号，
由托运人自行前往承运人指定集装箱堆场提箱，装箱。
Ｃ。 Shipper is to pack the container in full load at his plant or at his place of business
托运人则在其工厂或业务场所进行整箱装箱。
Ｄ。 Customs inspection is made ex-works before the container is locked and sealed ;